Difference Between Physical Capital and Human Capital
Physical capital and human capital are both important factors of production that contribute to economic growth and development. Physical capital consists of inanimate assets such as cash, job site equipment, property, and inventory. Human capital, meanwhile, describes the skills, knowledge, and capabilities associated with a company's personnel.
| Feature | Physical Capital | Human Capital |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The term ‘physical capital’ is used to indicate the data (factor of product) of man-made commodities such as machinery, computers, tools, equipment, etc., which are maintained by the firm. It is used in the manufacturing procedure to allow the change of raw material into finished goods. | Human capital refers to the knowledge that a worker brings to the company in the manner of education, talents, abilities, knowledge, preferences, etc. that they have gathered over time. As a consequence, the employees are regarded as an asset, whose value can be enhanced by spending on their coaching and improvement like any other asset of the firm. |
| Process of Formation | Technical and economic | Conscious and social process |
| Tradeable | There is a possibility of trading physical capital in the market. | Only the services that are rendered by the human capital can be sold. |
| Separable | Separable from the owner | Not separable |
| Depreciation | Depreciation occurs due to continuous use. | Depreciation occurs due to aging and can be minimized to a certain extent. |
| Present in Financial Statements | Yes | No |
| Mobility Restriction | Due to the presence of trade barriers | Due to culture and nationality |
However, they represent different types of assets and resources. Here's the difference between physical capital and human capital:
Physical Capital: Physical capital refers to tangible assets that are used in the production process to create goods and services. It includes items such as machinery, buildings, equipment, infrastructure, tools, and technology. Physical capital is usually owned by individuals, businesses, or governments and can be bought, sold, and depreciated over time. It enhances productivity by enabling the efficient utilization of labor and other resources.
Human Capital: Human capital, on the other hand, represents the knowledge, skills, abilities, and expertise of individuals. It refers to the attributes and capabilities of people that contribute to their productivity and economic value. Human capital is developed through education, training, experience, and health. It includes factors like formal education, vocational skills, on-the-job training, creativity, problem-solving abilities, and overall workforce capabilities. Human capital is more intangible compared to physical capital but can significantly impact an individual's or a society's productivity and earning potential.
In summary, physical capital refers to the tangible assets and resources used in production, while human capital represents the intangible attributes and skills possessed by individuals. Both physical and human capital are crucial for economic growth and development, and investments in both areas are important for improving productivity and living standards. Here are a few more points to consider:
- Nature: Physical capital is a non-human factor of production, while human capital is directly associated with individuals and their abilities. Physical capital includes the machinery, tools, and infrastructure used in production, whereas human capital focuses on the knowledge, skills, and abilities that individuals possess.
- Acquisition: Physical capital is typically acquired through investment, either by purchasing or producing the required assets. It involves monetary transactions and can be owned and controlled by individuals, businesses, or governments. In contrast, human capital is acquired through education, training, and personal development. It is built over time and represents an individual's intellectual and personal growth.
- Mobility: Physical capital tends to be relatively immobile, as it often requires significant investments to move or transfer it from one location to another. On the other hand, human capital is more mobile, as individuals can apply their knowledge and skills in different industries, sectors, or geographical locations. Human capital can be a crucial factor in attracting investment and driving economic development in regions with a skilled workforce.
- Depreciation: Physical capital is subject to depreciation over time due to wear and tear, technological obsolescence, or changes in market demand. It requires maintenance and periodic upgrades to maintain its value and efficiency. In contrast, human capital does not depreciate in the same way. While specific skills or knowledge may become outdated, individuals can continuously acquire new skills, adapt to changing environments, and enhance their human capital throughout their lives.
- Returns on Investment: Investments in physical capital often generate returns through increased productivity, cost savings, and improved efficiency in production processes. The returns on physical capital are typically realized through profits, increased output, or reduced expenses. Investments in human capital, such as education and training, also yield returns but in the form of increased individual earning potential, higher employment prospects, and improved economic outcomes at the individual and societal levels.
Both physical and human capital play crucial roles in economic development. A well-functioning economy requires a combination of physical capital, such as infrastructure and technology, along with a skilled and knowledgeable workforce that possesses human capital. By investing in both types of capital, countries can foster sustainable economic growth and improve living standards for their citizens.